Humidity Sensor and Related Methods

ABSTRACT

A humidity meter includes a humidity sensor, a heating device oriented towards the humidity sensor, a signal generator capable of modulating a power output of the heating device, and a lock-in amplifier capable of demodulating a response signal of the humidity sensor as induced by the modulated heating device. A method of measuring humidity includes the steps of providing a humidity sensor positioned along a channel, a heating device positioned opposite the humidity sensor along the channel, and a controller including a signal generator and a lock-in amplifier; providing an airflow along the channel; modulating a power supply to the heating device using the signal generator; and demodulating a response signal of the humidity sensor induced by the modulated heating device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No.15,989,580, filed May 25, 2018, having the same title, which in turnclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/512,321,filed on May 30, 2017, and each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

FIELD

Aspects of the disclosure relate to apparatuses and methods formeasuring humidity in air. In particular, certain aspects are directedto humidity meters and associated methods of using humidity meters tomeasure relative and/or absolute humidity from an airborne vehicle.

BACKGROUND

The measurement of fine scale vertical and horizontal gradients ofatmospheric water vapor concentration, or humidity, is of criticalimportance in the fields of environmental studies and atmosphericelectromagnetic propagation research. Fine scale gradients of humiditycan impact electromagnetic propagation (EMP) in the ultraviolet (UV),visible (VIS), and infrared (IR), as well as in the radar andcommunication wavelength bands. To resolve these gradients with adequatespatial resolution on a fast moving aircraft, a humidity meter with afast time response is required.

On larger airplanes or other airborne vehicles, sophisticated opticalinstruments, such as krypton hydrometers, can be used to achieve thenecessary fast response measurements (i.e., measurements made within anacceptable predetermined amount of time). However, these sophisticatedoptical instruments are often large and heavy, and are not practical oreven feasible for use on small or medium sized airborne vehicles, suchas unmanned aerial vehicles. Accordingly, it would be advantageous tohave a humidity meter for small to medium sized unmanned aerial vehicleswith adequate sensitivity, accuracy and response time to measure thefine scale atmospheric gradients of absolute humidity critical toassessing refractivity anomalies that impact EMP in, for example, theradar and communication wavelength bands.

One or more aspects described herein overcomes these limitations andallows the measurement of relative and absolute humidity with highaccuracy, sensitivity and fast response time.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basicunderstanding of some aspects of the disclosure. The summary is not anextensive overview of the disclosure. It is neither intended to identifykey or critical elements of the disclosure nor to delineate the scope ofthe disclosure. The following summary merely presents some concepts ofthe disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the descriptionbelow.

Aspects of the disclosure provide a small size, lightweight humiditymeter with a sensor that permits measurement of relative and/or absolutehumidity in air with high accuracy, sensitivity, and fast response time.Such a device can be used to measure relative and absolute humidityonboard airborne vehicles for the characterization of fine scalevertical and horizontal gradients of atmospheric water vaporconcentration. Other applications include industrial and residential airquality and airflow monitoring.

In accordance with a first aspect, a humidity meter includes a humiditysensor and a heating device oriented towards the humidity sensor. Asignal generator is configured to modulate a power output of the heatingdevice, and a lock-in amplifier is configured to demodulate a responsesignal of the humidity sensor as induced by the modulated heatingdevice.

In accordance with another aspect, a humidity meter may include one orseveral capacitive humidity sensors, a heating device, a temperaturesensor, a pressure sensor, a function generator, a lock-in amplifier anda microcontroller.

In accordance with yet another aspect, the response signal of acapacitive humidity sensor as induced by the modulated heating devicemay be a change in the capacitance of the humidity sensor; and a lock-inamplifier may be configured to demodulate and measure the said responsesignal.

In accordance with a further aspect, a method of measuring humidityincludes the steps of providing a humidity sensor positioned along achannel, a heating device positioned opposite the humidity sensor alongthe channel, and a controller including a signal generator and a lock-inamplifier; providing an airflow along the channel; modulating a powersupply to the heating device using the signal generator; anddemodulating a response signal of the humidity sensor induced by themodulated heating device.

Some advantages of one or more aspects described herein include fastresponse time, high accuracy and sensitivity, light weight, low cost,low power consumption, and a lack of moving parts. This permits theusage of humidity meters on small and medium sized unmanned aerialvehicles (UAV) to improve electromagnetic maneuver warfare (EMW) andintelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) sensor performanceprediction, as well as weather hazard sensing, avoidance and mitigation,and forecasting

These and additional features and advantages will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art, that is, those who are knowledgeable or experiencedin this field of technology, in view of the following disclosure anddetailed description of certain exemplary embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example and not limitedin the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals indicatesimilar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a humidity meter according to one or moreillustrative embodiments described herein.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a controller of the humidity meter of FIG.1.

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a switching sequence of a heating deviceof the humidity meter of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating an alternative embodiment of a switchingsequence of the heating device of FIG. 1.

The figures referred to above are not drawn necessarily to scale andshould be understood to provide a representation of certain embodiments,illustrative of the principles involved. Some features of the humiditymeter depicted in the drawings have been enlarged or distorted relativeto others to facilitate explanation and understanding. The samereference numbers are used in the drawings for similar or identicalcomponents and features shown in various alternative embodiments.Humidity meters as disclosed herein would have configurations andcomponents determined, in part, by the intended application andenvironment in which they are used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of various illustrative embodiments,reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a parthereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, variousembodiments in which aspects of the disclosure may be practiced. It isto be understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and structuraland functional modifications may be made, without departing from thescope of the present disclosure.

It is noted that various connections between elements are discussed inthe following description. It is noted that these connections aregeneral and, unless specified otherwise, may be direct or indirect,wired or wireless, and that the specification is not intended to belimiting in this respect.

An illustrative embodiment of a humidity meter 100 is seen in FIG. 1.Humidity meter 100 may include a humidity sensor 110. In certainembodiments, humidity meter 100 may include an additional humiditysensor 120 in order to provide redundancy for the system of humiditymeter 100. It is to be appreciated that in certain embodiments, humiditymeter 100 may include more than two humidity sensors.

A front surface 111 of humidity sensor 110 is exposed to air to bemeasured. The air to be measured may flow through a channel 300 indirection 310, which as seen in FIG. 1 flows from left to right. Incertain embodiments, channel 300 may be housed in a UAV (not shown) inorder to measure the humidity in the air during flight.

In certain embodiments, humidity sensor 110 may be a capacitive humiditysensor. An exemplary humidity sensor is the P14 Rapid capacitivehumidity sensor provided by Innovative Sensor Technologies ofSwitzerland. In certain embodiments, multiple humidity sensors of thesame type may be used in humidity meter 100. In other embodiments,humidity sensors of different types may be used together in humiditymeter 100.

The front surface 111 of humidity sensor 110 may be oriented toward, orface, a heating device 130. Heating device 130 may be a radiativedevice, e.g., an optical light emitting device such as a light emittingdiode (LED). In other embodiments, heating device 130 may be a laser, anincandescent light bulb, or another electromagnetic (EM) frequencyemitting device. Other suitable heating devices 130 will become readilyapparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of thisdisclosure.

In certain embodiments, humidity meter 100 may include an additionalsensor 140. Additional sensor 140 may be configured to measure at leastone of the temperature, pressure, and velocity of airflow 310.

In certain embodiments, humidity sensors 110, 120 and additional sensor140 may have a width of approximately 5 mm, a length of approximately 5mm, and a height of approximately 1 mm. It is to be appreciated thathumidity sensors 110, 120 and additional sensor 140 may have arectangular or circular shape. Other suitable shapes for humiditysensors 110, 120 and additional sensor 140 will become readily apparentto those skilled in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.

As used herein, the term “approximately” is intended to mean “close to”or “about” a particular value, within the constraints of sensible,commercial engineering objectives costs, manufacturing tolerances, andcapabilities in the field of humidity meter manufacture and use.

Electrical connector wires 601, 602, 603 and 604 may be connected tohumidity sensor 110, additional humidity sensor 120, additional sensor140, and heating device 130, respectively, to provide electrical power,as well as data transfer functionality to and from a controller 600,seen in FIG. 2 and discussed in greater detail below.

The components of humidity meter 100 may be positioned along a channel300. In particular, humidity sensor 110 may be positioned oppositeheating device 130 along channel 300. In certain embodiments, channel300 has a circular cross-section. It is to be appreciated that channel300 may have other cross-sectional shapes such as rectangular, forexample. Other suitable cross-sectional shapes for channel 300 willbecome readily apparent to those skilled in the art, given the benefitof this disclosure.

In certain embodiments, channel 300 may have a diameter of approximately15 mm. However, it is to be appreciated that the diameter of channel 300may be larger or smaller than 15 mm.

Heating device 130 serves to warm humidity sensor 110, which helps toimprove the performance of humidity sensor 110 and, therefore, humiditymeter 100. It is to be appreciated that humidity sensor 110 is lesseffective and has a poor response time when operating at coldtemperatures (e.g., below approximately 32° F.). Heating humidity sensor110 can improve its response time. In certain embodiments, humiditysensor 110 may have an optimal response time when heated to betweenapproximately 80° F. and approximately 90° F. Optimizing the responsetime of humidity sensor 110 may provide increased accuracy for humiditymeter 100.

Heating device 130 may be located and oriented towards humidity sensors110, 120 such that front surfaces 111, 121 of humidity sensors 110, 120,respectively, may be exposed to the emitted radiation 132 of heatingdevice 130. A lens 131 may be used to focus the emitted radiation ofheating device 130 towards humidity sensors 110, 120 and additionalsensor 140.

In certain embodiments, heating device 130 with lens 131 may have alength and width of between approximately 5 mm and approximately 10 mm,and a thickness of between approximately 1 mm and approximately 3 mm.

When heating device 130 is turned on, the emitted radiation 132 ofheating device can be absorbed by humidity sensor 110 and may lead to anincrease of the temperature of front surface 111 of humidity sensor 110.The emitted radiation 132 may also lead to an increased rate ofevaporation/desorption of water initially contained in humidity sensor110 through front surface 111, or another surface of humidity sensor110.

The rate of water absorption/evaporation/desorption induced by heatingdevice 130 may be dependent on various factors, including, but notlimited to, the temperature of the air, the temperature of humiditysensor 110, and/or the humidity of the surrounding air. Thus, for knownenvironmental parameters such as the temperature of humidity sensor 110,and/or the temperature of the surrounding air, a characteristic andhumidity dependent response of humidity sensor 110 occurs when heatingdevice 130 is turned on.

In order to improve the performance of humidity meter 100, a lock-inmeasurement technique may be used, which may increase the accuracy ofthe device by filtering out the induced signal of heating device 130imposed at a desired modulation frequency. In order to implement thelock-in measurement, heating device 130 may be switched on and off at adesired modulation frequency to provide modulated heating of humiditysensor 110, and/or modulated evaporation/desorption of water initiallycontained in humidity sensor 110. In certain embodiments, the desiredmodulation frequency may be of the order of several hundreds of Hertz.In certain embodiments, the modulation frequency can be higher thanseveral hundreds of Hertz, while in other embodiments, the modulationfrequency can be lower than several hundreds of Hertz. The lock-inmeasurement technique provides improved signal to noise ratio, fastersignal response time, and temperature stabilization of humidity sensor110 as compared to a humidity sensor without modulated heating andwithout the application of lock-in measurement.

With heating device 130 being a radiative device, e.g., an optical lightemitting device such as a light emitting diode (LED) or a laser, ahigher modulation frequency can be achieved in comparison to a resistiveheating element. A resistive heating element may also have to bephysically attached/connected to the humidity sensor, which may resultin increased thermal mass and reduced sensor accuracy and response time.

An exemplary controller 600 for use with humidity meter 100 isillustrated in FIG. 2. As seen here, controller 600 is connected viaelectrical connector wires 601, 602, 603 and 604 to humidity sensor 110,additional humidity sensor 120, additional sensor 140, and heatingdevice 130, respectively. Electrical connector wires 605 can be used forexternal control and data exchange with controller 600.

Controller 600 may contain a function or signal generator 610 that isused to control the power output of heating device 130. Controller 600may include a lock-in amplifier 620, or an otherwise suitable amplifier,for the demodulation of the response signal of humidity sensor 110 asinduced by heating device 130. It is to be appreciated that lock-inamplifier 620 may also read the signal of humidity sensor 110, oradditional humidity sensor 120, when heating device 130 ispermanently/predominantly turned off or turned on, i.e. when heatingdevice 130 is operating in unmodulated operation.

Controller 600 may also include a data storage device 630 for storage ofcollected data. Controller 600 may also include a microcontroller 640.Microcontroller 640 may be any type of microprocessor-based system, andcontroller 600 may include computing hardware and software that may hostvarious data and applications for performing tasks related to operationof heating device 130 and capturing readings of humidity sensor 110.

Microcontroller 640 may include instructions to calculate relative andabsolute humidity based on stored calibration data and readings ofhumidity sensor 110. Microcontroller 640 may also include readings fromadditional sensor 120, and readings from the additional sensor 140 incalculating relative and absolute humidity.

FIG. 3 illustrates a method of operating humidity meter 100. Inoperation, the method includes providing humidity sensor 110 and heatingdevice 130 opposite humidity sensor 110 along channel 300, as well ascontroller 600 including signal generator 610 and lock-in amplifier 620.Airflow is then provided along channel 300. In embodiments wherehumidity meter 100 is used on an aircraft, such as a UAV, the airflow isprovided when the UAV is in flight.

Signal generator 610 of controller 600 is then used to modulate a powersupply to heating device 130. A response signal of humidity sensor 110induced by modulation of heating device 130 is then demodulated withlock-in amplifier 620 of controller 600.

The power modulation of heating device 130, i.e. the time resolvedsequence of switched on and switched off states, allows for the usage ofthe lock-in measurement technique. As illustrated here, during the stepof modulating, heating device 130 may be switched on for a first definedduration of time 402 at a defined power level 401, and is then switchedoff for a second defined duration of time 403. This process may then berepeated as desired. In certain embodiments, the first defined durationof time 401 is the same amount of time as the second defined duration oftime. The lock-in measurement technique is applied according to themodulation frequency defined by duration of time 402 and duration oftime 403.

FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the modulating step. In thisembodiment, an additional modulation frequency can be applied byrepetitive variation of a power level applied to heating device 130. Asillustrated here, the power lever may be alternated between a firstlevel 501 for a first defined duration of time 503, and a second, lower,level 502 for a second defined duration of time 504, for a total thirdduration of time 505, after which heating device 130 is turned off for afourth defined duration of time 506. The lock-in technique in thisembodiment of the modulating step is applied according to the modulationfrequency defined by durations of time 503, 504, 505 and 506.

It is to be appreciated that the modulation of power supplied to heatingdevice 130 can be accomplished in a variety of different manners.Specifically, power can be supplied to heating device 130 at variousmodulation frequencies for various different durations of time. Further,the power levels can be supplied using various patterns and signalforms, and various amplitude and/or frequency functions can be appliedto heating device 130. It is to be appreciated that such functions mayinclude, but are not limited to, sinusoidal, logarithmic and triangularfunctions.

In other embodiments, no signal modulation of heating device 130 isemployed, i.e. heating device 130 is predominantly switched off and/orpredominantly switched on, in which case the humidity is directlymeasured via a dedicated readout circuit, i.e. unmodulated measurement.

In certain embodiments, humidity meter 100 can be operated inalternating modes of modulated measurements and unmodulatedmeasurements.

Aspects of the disclosure have been described in terms of illustrativeembodiments thereof. Numerous other embodiments, modifications, andvariations within the scope and spirit of the appended claims will occurto persons of ordinary skill in the art from a review of thisdisclosure. For example, one or more of the steps depicted in theillustrative figures may be performed in other than the recited order,one or more steps described with respect to one figure may be used incombination with one or more steps described with respect to anotherfigure, and/or one or more depicted steps may be optional in accordancewith aspects of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A humidity meter comprising: a humidity sensor; alight source oriented towards the humidity sensor; a signal generatorconfigured to modulate a power output of the light source; and anamplifier configured to demodulate a response signal of the humiditysensor as induced by the modulated light source.
 2. The humidity meterof claim 1, further comprising an additional sensor configured tomeasure at least one of a temperature, a pressure, and a velocity of anairflow.
 3. The humidity meter of claim 1, further comprising anadditional humidity sensor.
 4. The humidity meter of claim 1, furthercomprising a channel, the humidity sensor and light source positionedopposite one another along the channel.
 5. The humidity meter of claim1, wherein the light source includes a lens.
 6. The humidity sensor ofclaim 1, wherein the amplifier is a lock-in amplifier.
 7. The humiditymeter of claim 1, further comprising a controller configured to controloperation of the signal generator and amplifier.
 8. The humidity meterof claim 7, wherein the controller includes a data storage device. 9.The humidity meter of claim 1, wherein the signal generator isconfigured to alternately switch the light source on for a first definedduration of time at a defined power level and off for a second definedduration of time.
 10. The humidity meter of claim 1, wherein the signalgenerator is configured to alternately power the light source at a firstdefined power level for a first duration of time and a second definedpower level for a second defined duration of time, and furtherconfigured to alternate between the first and second defined durationsof time for a third duration of time, and then power off the lightsource for a fourth period of time.
 11. The humidity meter of claim 1,wherein the amplifier is configured to read a signal of the humiditysensor when the light source is operating in an unmodulated operation.12. A humidity meter comprising: a channel; a humidity sensor positionedalong the channel; a light source positioned opposite the humiditysensor along the channel and including a lens; a controller configuredto control the light source and including: a signal generator capable ofmodulating a power output of the light source; and a lock-in amplifiercapable of demodulating a response signal of the humidity sensor asinduced by the modulated light source.
 13. A method of measuringhumidity comprising the steps of: providing a humidity sensor, a lightsource oriented towards the humidity sensor, and a controller includinga signal generator and a lock-in amplifier; modulating a power supply tothe light source using the signal generator; and demodulating a responsesignal of the humidity sensor induced by the modulated light source. 14.The method of claim 13, wherein the modulating step comprisesalternately switching the light source on for a first defined durationof time at a defined power level and off for a second defined durationof time.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the modulating stepcomprises alternately powering, for a total third duration of time, thelight source at the first defined power level for the first duration oftime and the second defined power level for the second defined durationof time, and then powering off the light source for a fourth period oftime.
 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising measuring at leastone of a pressure, a velocity, and a temperature of the airflow with anadditional sensor.
 17. The method of claim 13, further comprisingmeasuring the humidity with an additional humidity sensor.
 18. Themethod of claim 13, further comprising focusing emitted radiation fromthe light source towards the humidity sensor with a lens.
 19. The methodof claim 13, wherein the light source is a light emitting diode.
 20. Themethod of claim 13, wherein the light source is a laser.